Greg Detre
4/5/00
Bill Hamilton � Prisoners Dilemma altruism not incompatible with Darwin
wrong level of selection
inclusive fitness
R-reward�������� P-punishment�������� T-temptation��������� S-sucker
PD � Hamilton + Z� - using existing game, from economic theory
Maynard Smith in 1970s ethologist, evolutionary behaviourist
how define honesty?
information content of the signal
relative to time state (size, species, health etc.) of signaller � semantic
dishonest, e.g.
Batesian mimic (edible species is protected by its resemblance to one avoided by predators) � conveying species ID + relevant features
or mimic sex � seals, flies
health � plovers, with broken wing
size � cats, dogs (pilo-erect), toads, lizards
dishonesty with respect to probability of future behaviour
(intentions) � if accurate predictors = honest
Shannon � information = probability that observer can predict what comes next
amount of information is proportional to reducing uncertainty of future behaviour
quantifiable, measurable in bits
mistrust = not respond
devaluation � � threshold
puff up chest but squeaky voice
Axelrod + Hamilton � evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)
if everyone played by given rules, a new mutant couldn't disrupt things � otherwise evolution would produce it
2 simultaneous mutations = very unlikely
ritualisation � take an original functional signal
repetitive, intense, caricatured, stereotyped
� honesty of signalling in a noisy environment
or � receiver threshold because of arms race (Dawkins + Krebs)
conventional = ritualised limited by receiver
if dishonest mammal tries dishonesty, then will be ostracised
must be nomadic, because mammals remember
ESS = mutual honesty
very low tolerated cheating frequency
contextual enrichment � basic syntax
equine bare teeth/ears
elephant trunk/ears
look-up table �/span> human syntax
exaptation � SJ Gould proposed ≈ preadaptation
something there doing some other job, = a bi-product
and becomes the source for future evolution
e.g. sweating has come to meanm/signal physiological state
contextual enrichment �/span> multi-dimensional signal spaces
fundamental birdsong template is genetic
����� niceties of it may be developmental
evolution + development + culture + learning = 3 cumulative selection processes = exponential processes
deceit as negative information???
no � if viewed infinite times �/span> perfect matrix, only with very low probability
exaptation
function/effects
Batesian mimicry (see above)
signals derived from evolutionary purpose
evolution delicate enough
lies in contextually enriched system???
depends on whether you can recognise individuals
internal model of the future frees primates
PD � what if one can remember that the other can't
classical ethology